PRINCIPLES OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY.
Nicolas Joseph Cugnot (steam powered Trooly)
The early history of the Automobile can be divided into a number of eras, based on the prevalent means of propulsion. Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling, size, and utility preferences.
In 1768, the first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation was built by Nicolas Joseph cugnot.
In 1807, Francios issac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by an internal combustion engine fueled by hydrogen.
In 1886, the first petrol- or gasoline-powered automobile, was invented by Karl Benz.This is also considered to be the first "production" vehicle as Benz made several other identical copies.
At the turn of the 20th century electrical powered automobiles appeared but only occupied a niche market until the turn of the 21st century.
Revolution of Automotive Industry.
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| Cugnot's steam wagon, the second (1771) version |
17th and 18th centuries:-
Ferdinand verbiest a member of a Jesuit mission in china built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was of small enough scale that it could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly the first working steam-powerefardier à vapeur ("steam dray"), an experimental steam-driven artillery tractor, in 1770 and 1771. As Cugnot's design proved to be impractical, his invention was not developed in his native France. The center of innovation shifted to Great Britain. By 1784, William Murdoch had built a working model of a steam carriage in Redrut.The first automobile patent in the United States was granted to Oliver Evans in 1789, and in 1801 Richard Trivethick was running a full-sized vehicle on the roads in cambrone. |
| A replica of Richard Trevithick's 1801 road locomotive 'Puffing Devil' |
19th century.
Many vehicles were in vogue for a time, and over the next decades such innovations as hand brakes multi-speed transmission and better steering developed. Some were commercially successful in providing mass transit, until a backlash against these large speedy vehicles resulted in the passage of the locomotive act (1865), which required many self-propelled vehicles on public roads in the United Kingdom to be preceded by a man on foot waving a red flag and blowing a horn. This effectively halted road auto development in the UK for most of the rest of the 19th century; inventors and engineers shifted their efforts to improvements in railway locomotives. The law was not repealed until 1896, although the need for the red flag was removed in 1878.Among other efforts, in 1815, a professor at Prague Polytechnic Josef Bozek built an oil-fired steam car. Walter Hancock builder and operator of London steam buses in 1838 built a four-seat steam
In 1867, Canadian jeweler Henry Seth Taylor demonstrated his 4-wheeled "steam buggy" at the Stanstead Fair in Stanstead, Quebec, and again the following year.The basis of the buggy, which he began building in 1865, was a high-wheeled carriage with bracing to support a two-cylinder steam engine mounted on the floor.What some people define as the first "real" automobile was produced by French Amedee Bollee in 1873, who built self-propelled steam road vehicles to transport groups of passengers. The American Gorge B. Selden filed for a patent on May 8, 1879. His application included not only the engine but its use in a 4-wheeled car. Selden filed a series of amendments to his application which stretched out the legal process, resulting in a delay of 16 years before the U.S 549160 was granted on November 5, 1895.
The first carriage-sized automobile suitable for use on existing wagon roads in the United States was a steam-powered vehicle invented in 1871, by Dr. J.W. Carhart, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in Racine, Wisconsin. It induced the State of Wisconsin in 1875, to offer a $10,000 award to the first to produce a practical substitute for the use of horses and other animals. They stipulated that the vehicle would have to maintain an average speed of more than five miles per hour over a 200-mile course. The offer led to the first city to city automobile race in the United States, starting on July 16, 1878, in Green Bay, Wisconsin, and ending in Madison, via Appleton, Oshkosh, Waupun, Watertown, Fort Atkinson, and Janesville. While seven vehicles were registered, only two started to compete: the entries from Green Bay and Oshkosh. The vehicle from Green Bay was faster, but broke down before completing the race. The Oshkosh finished the 201 mile course in 33 hours and 27 minutes, and posted an average speed of six miles per hour. In 1879, the legislature awarded half the prize.
Modern era.
The modern era is normally defined as the 25 years preceding the current year. However, there are some technical and design aspects that differentiate modern cars from antiques. The modern era has been one of increasing standardization, platform sharing and computer aided design to reduce costs and development time.Some particular contemporary developments are the proliferation of front and all wheel drive the adoption of the disel engine and the ubiquity of fuel injection Most modern passenger cars are front-wheel-drive monocouqe/body designs, with transversely mounted engine. Body style have changed as well in the modern era. Three types, the hatchback,sedan and sport utility vechicle dominate today's market.All originally emphasised practicality, but have mutated into today's high-powered luxury crossover SUV,Sports Wagon two-volume Large MPV. The rise of PICKUP TRUKS in the United States, and SUVs worldwide, has changed the face of motoring, with these "trucks" coming to command more than half of the world automobile market There was also the introduction of MPV Class(smaller non-commercial passenger minivans), among the first of which were the French Rennaut escape and the Chrysler minivan versions in the U.S.The modern era has also seen rapidly rising fuel efficency and engine output. The automobile emmision concerns have been eased with computerised engine management system.The Economical Crisis cut almost a third of light vehicle sales from Chrysler, Toyota, Ford, and Nissan. It also subtracted about a fourth of Honda's sales and about a seventh of sales from General Motors. Since 2009, China has become the world's leading car manufacturer with production greater than Japan, the United States, and all of Europe. Besides large growth of car production in Asian and other countries, there has been growth in transnational corporate groups the production of transnational automobiles sharing the same platforms as well as badge enginerring or re-badging to suit different markets and consumer segments. Since the end of the 20th century, several award competitions of cars and trucks have become widely known, such as European car of the Year, and International car of the year so that vehicles of different classes, producers, and countries win alternately. Also, Car of the Century awards were held, in which in the US the FORD MODEL T was named as most influential car of the 20th century.
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